festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet

---------------------References: Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. Add to folder Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. Some have already been discussed. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. 3. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. To achieve consonance, something has to give. Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). Harry's belief is based on. We'll bring you back here when you are done. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. He did this for one-half hour. /Contents 58 0 R Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through______. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. 48 0 obj How Much They Learned From the Experiment. 0000010660 00000 n they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable %PDF-1.5 Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). JANIS, I.L. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: A fraction of the subjects were thanked and let go after being interviewed by another experimenter regarding ways on how the presentation of the boring tasks can be improved for future purposes. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. This is. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? 0000000974 00000 n Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). endobj Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. /Size 61 Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." One other point before we proceed to examine the data. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. Scott, W. A. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). Scott, W. A. Alex was most likely engaging in________. In Asch's black line experiment, participants. After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. /ImageI A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. Festinger, L. (1957). The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. /Prev 679084 5. When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. Social Researcher. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. 0000013918 00000 n 3. The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: 2. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. Underline the correct form of the modifier in parentheses in each sentence. The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. York University, Toronto, Ontario. endobj Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) investigated if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so 0000000868 00000 n Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. New York Times, p.C1. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. 0 >> In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. Twenty Dollar condition. in order to reduce dissonance. A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. We wish to thank Leonard Hommel, Judson Mills, and Robert Terwilliger for their help in designing and carrying out the experiment. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. What is the Sacrifice Trap? moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. Retrieved Mar 04, 2023 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. Sherry H. Priester Create your own unique website with customizable templates. OP>$O '@n#}  C The hour which the S spent working on the repetitive, monotonous tasks was intended to provide, for each S uniformly, an experience about which he would have a somewhat negative opinion. those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. This is an example of_______ cause. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? /N 8 The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. (The secretary had left the office.) But Nicole's mom was so excited, Nicole couldn't bear to disappoint her. 59 0 obj With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. & JANIS, I.L. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Eddie has made the _________. 2. DISCUSSION. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. Festinger, L. (1957). 2. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . Three other participants declined the offer and another one, though he gave the girl a positive briefing, he asked for the girl's number afterwards so he can, according to him, explain to her further what the study is about. This has many practical implications. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. Yet no one calls the police. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. Dr. Nekita Fuller Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent. That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. The subjects who received $1 did not have a very good reason to lie. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream They were told that the study aims to evaluate these experiments to help them improve these in the future. 0000000609 00000 n This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. In each group, the confederates wore identical glasses, with the participant/subject wearing a different set of glasses. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. Their prediction provedcorrect. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. 109 0 obj <>stream After the S agreed to do it, the E gave him the previously mentioned sheet of paper headed "For Group B" and asked him to read it through again. endobj Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. Similarly, the knowledge that he has said "not X" is consonant with (does fit together with) those cognitive elements corresponding to the reasons, pressures, promises of rewards and/or threats of punishment which induced him to say "not X. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with "Measures of Performance.". The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. On the other hand, the people who were paid $20 had the monetary reason to lie. 112 <> If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with.